Hello!
Os traigo un resumen del Tema 4 de Música.
Instruments Classification
—Chordophones: Sound produced by vibrating strings.
—Aerophones: Sound produced by a vibrating column of air.
—Membranophones: Sound produced by a vibrating membrane.
—Idiophones: Sound produced by vibrating themselves.
—Electrophones: Sound produced by electronic means.
Orchestra
The instruments are divided in 4 sections:
1: String Section
2: Woodwind Section
3: Brass Section
4: Percussion Section
The conductor faces the orchestra.
The High-Pitched instruments sit to the left and the Low-Pitched instruments sit to the right.
String Section
Bowed String Instruments
Violin, Viola, Violoncello and Double Bass
They have four strings made of metal or synthetic materials.
The bow rubs the strings while the fingers of the left hand get different pitches on the fingerboard.
When the strings are plucked, it is called Pizzicato.
Plucked String Instruments
—Guitar
—Harp
Guitar
It is played fretting with the left hand while the right hand plucks the strings.
Harp
The Concert Harp has 47 strings made of different materials and with different lengths.
Struck String Instruments
Piano
It has 88 keys.
There are to kinds of piano:
—Upright Piano
—Grand Piano
The pedals in a Grand Piano are called Una Corda, Sostenuto and Sustain Pedal.
The pedals in an Upright Piano are called Una Corda, Practice or Celeste and Sustain Pedal.
Woodwind Section
They are divided depending on the mouthpiece.
Edge or Embouchure
The air vibrates when it is directed against the edge of a hole.
All the holes are covered with levers.
Single Reed
The air vibrates because of the vibration of a reed against the mouthpiece.
Double Reed
The air vibrates because of the vibration of a double reed, which is attached to the tube with a cork.
Brass Section
Their mouthpiece has the same shape.
The bell at the other end also has the same shape.
There are 5 instruments:
—Cornet
—Trumpet
—French Horn
—Trombone
—Tuba
There are 3 ways to get the different pitches:
—The Tension of the Lips
—Slides
—Valves
Percussion Section
Tuned Percussion Instruments
—Glockenspiel
—Xylophone or Marimba
—Vibraphone
—Celesta
—Tubular Bells
—Timpani
—Kettledrums
Untuned Percussion Instruments
Made of Wood
—Woodblock
—Claves
—Maracas
—Guiro
—Castanets
—Whip
—Rattle
Made of Metal
—Gong
—Triangle
—Cymbals
—Sleigh Bells
—Cowbell
With Membrane
—Snare Drum
—Bass Drum
—Bongos
Electronic Instruments
The technique to play these instruments is the same as if they were not electronic.
The vibrations are transformed into electricity, and they are amplified by an amplifier and a loudspeaker.
World Instruments
—Oud
—Kora
—Sitar
—Koto
—Darbuka
—Balafon
Other Instrumental Ensembles
—Wind Bands
—Jazz Bands
—Chamber Groups
—Pop-Rock Bands
—Folk-Influenced Pop
—Latin Bands
Voice
It is the musical instrument that we all have.
Breathing
It is necessary to sing.
Abdominal Breathing
It is the correct way of breathing.
When the diaphragm goes down, it gives more room for the air in the lungs.
Phonation
The two vocal cords are open during inhalation, vibrate and produce sound waves when the air is expelled.
Voice Resonation
During puberty, vocal folds grow and the voice become lower.
Voice Types (From Higher-Pitched to Lower-Pitched)
Female
—Soprano
—Mezzo-Soprano
—Contralto
Male
—Tenor
—Baritone
—Bass
Choirs
It usually consists of 4 sections:
—Sopranos
—Contraltos
—Tenors
—Basses
Espero que este resumen os ayude a estudiar el Tema 4.
Bye!